The Covid-19 pandemic and the consequent lockdown exacerbated energy poverty and insecurity worldwide. Many governments introduced emergency measures to protect energy consumers during confinement. This article reviews and classifies the policies implemented in several jurisdictions around the...Read more

In 2013, roughly 13% of Belgian households devoted too large a part of their income to expenditure on energy. A further 4% of households restricted their energy consumption. Low-income and single-person households, tenants, single-parent families and the elderly are the most affected. The...Read more

Low-income households spend a substantial share of their income on utility services such as electricity, heating and water. The difficulty of these socially vulnerable consumers to absorb further price increases is often used as an argument against tariff reform. However, detailed quantitative...Read more

A tool was used to combine data from different surveys into a single, unified dataset to enable comparisons of fuel usage, fuel need and income. The analysis presented in this paper utilises this new resource to estimate the consequences of fuel poverty for actual spending on fuel by low income...Read more